Immigration in Spain: Migratory Routes, Cooperation with Third Countries and Human Rights in Return

dialnet-ar-18-ART0001357597

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Peace & Security - Paix et Sécurité Internationales (Euromediterranean Journal of International Law and International Relations), ISSN 2341-0868, Nº. 7, 2019, pags. 201-230

English

Immigration
Spain
West African route
Western Mediterranean route
Ceuta
Melilla
border
border control
Spanish-Moroccan agreement on readmission
Morocco
Human Rights
Inmigración
España
rutas migratorias
Ceuta
Melilla
frontera
control fronterizo
acuerdo hispano-marroquí de readmisión
Marruecos
derechos humanos

Immigration
Spain
West African route
Western Mediterranean route
Ceuta
Melilla
border
border control
Spanish-Moroccan agreement on readmission
Morocco
Human Rights
Inmigración
España
rutas migratorias
Ceuta
Melilla
frontera
control fronterizo
acuerdo hispano-marroquí de readmisión
Marruecos
derechos humanos
González García, Inmaculada
Immigration in Spain: Migratory Routes, Cooperation with Third Countries and Human Rights in Return

Following a brief overview of immigration in Spain, the present paper first analyses the main routes of irregular immigration into Spain, giving recent data on the number of arrivals by sea and land to the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands and Spanish territories in North Africa. The sea has traditionally been the main route of entry to Spanish territory for immigrants primarily from Sub-Saharan Africa. However, the years 2013 to 2015 proved an exception to this rule, with immigration by land outstripping that by sea due to an increase in the arrival of Syrian immigrants to the cities of Ceuta and above all Melilla. Next, a description is given of the political and operational mechanisms established by the Spanish authorities to control Spain’s maritime borders, especially in the Canary Islands. Such border control is achieved through unilateral surveillance measures (the Integrated External Surveillance System, Spanish initials: SIVE), bilateral cooperation (inter-state agreements with Morocco and other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa) and regional cooperation within the European Union (EU). This is followed by a discussion of how immigration routes have been affected by increased cooperation between Spain and African States to intercept immigrants in their countries of origin or during transit. There is likewise an analysis of Spain’s use of summary returns or pushbacks following assaults or jumps on the border fences surrounding Ceuta and Melilla and attempts of arrival by swimming in Ceuta or by sea to Spanish islands and islets in North Africa, within the framework of the 1992 Spanish-Mo-roccan agreement on readmission of foreigners who have entered irregularly. Lastly, we argue that the reinforcement of border control alone is insufficient to curb migration flows: to be effective, it must be accompanied by common policies in the European countries of destination and increased investment in the countries of origin to provide their citizens with the opportunity to obtain a higher standard of living and overcome the temptation to emigrate as a first option

Article

González García, Inmaculada

González García, Inmaculada

González García, Inmaculada

Immigration in Spain: Migratory Routes, Cooperation with Third Countries and Human Rights in Return

Immigration in Spain: Migratory Routes, Cooperation with Third Countries and Human Rights in Return

Immigration in Spain: Migratory Routes, Cooperation with Third Countries and Human Rights in Return

Immigration in Spain: Migratory Routes, Cooperation with Third Countries and Human Rights in Return

Immigration in Spain: Migratory Routes, Cooperation with Third Countries and Human Rights in Return

immigration in spain: migratory routes, cooperation with third countries and human rights in return

2019

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaiart?codigo=7180115

1709755051887558656

dialnet-ar-18-ART00013575972021-07-30Immigration in Spain: Migratory Routes, Cooperation with Third Countries and Human Rights in ReturnGonzález García, InmaculadaImmigrationSpainWest African routeWestern Mediterranean routeCeutaMelillaborderborder controlSpanish-Moroccan agreement on readmissionMoroccoHuman RightsInmigraciónEspañarutas migratoriasCeutaMelillafronteracontrol fronterizoacuerdo hispano-marroquí de readmisiónMarruecosderechos humanosFollowing a brief overview of immigration in Spain, the present paper first analyses the main routes of irregular immigration into Spain, giving recent data on the number of arrivals by sea and land to the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands and Spanish territories in North Africa. The sea has traditionally been the main route of entry to Spanish territory for immigrants primarily from Sub-Saharan Africa. However, the years 2013 to 2015 proved an exception to this rule, with immigration by land outstripping that by sea due to an increase in the arrival of Syrian immigrants to the cities of Ceuta and above all Melilla. Next, a description is given of the political and operational mechanisms established by the Spanish authorities to control Spain’s maritime borders, especially in the Canary Islands. Such border control is achieved through unilateral surveillance measures (the Integrated External Surveillance System, Spanish initials: SIVE), bilateral cooperation (inter-state agreements with Morocco and other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa) and regional cooperation within the European Union (EU). This is followed by a discussion of how immigration routes have been affected by increased cooperation between Spain and African States to intercept immigrants in their countries of origin or during transit. There is likewise an analysis of Spain’s use of summary returns or pushbacks following assaults or jumps on the border fences surrounding Ceuta and Melilla and attempts of arrival by swimming in Ceuta or by sea to Spanish islands and islets in North Africa, within the framework of the 1992 Spanish-Mo-roccan agreement on readmission of foreigners who have entered irregularly. Lastly, we argue that the reinforcement of border control alone is insufficient to curb migration flows: to be effective, it must be accompanied by common policies in the European countries of destination and increased investment in the countries of origin to provide their citizens with the opportunity to obtain a higher standard of living and overcome the temptation to emigrate as a first optionTras una breve presentación de la inmigración en España, se analizan las principales vías de entrada a España para la inmigración ilegal, con datos recientes del número de llegadas por vía marítima y terrestre al territorio peninsular y balear, al archipiélago canario y a los territorios españoles en el norte de África. Las rutas marítimas se consolidan como la tradicional forma de acceso al territorio español para los inmigrantes procedentes, principalmente, del África Subsahariana. Una excepción se dio en los años 2013 a 2015, en los que la inmigración por vía terrestre fue superior a la marítima, debido al incremento de la llegada de inmigrantes sirios a las Ciudades de Ceuta y, principalmente, de Melilla. En particular, el análisis se centra en los mecanismos políticos y operativos establecidos por las autoridades españolas para mantener el control de sus fronteras marítimas, especialmente en las Islas Canarias. Estas fronteras marítimas se controlan mediante medidas unilaterales de vigilancia (Sistema Integrado de Vigilancia Exterior –SIVE-), cooperación bilateral (acuerdos interestatales con Marruecos y otros países del África subsahariana) y cooperación regional (dentro de la Unión Europea –UE-). Este estudio destaca cómo el aumento de la cooperación entre España y los Estados africanos en la interceptación de inmigrantes en los países de origen y tránsito ha alterado las rutas migratorias. Igualmente, se analiza la práctica española de las devoluciones en caliente de inmigrantes, tras los asaltos a las vallas fronterizas de Ceuta y Melilla, la llegada a nado a Ceuta o por vía marítima a las Islas y Peñones españoles en el norte de África, en el marco del acuerdo hispano-marroquí de readmisión de extranjeros entrados ilegalmente de 1992. Finalmente, se plantea cómo el refuerzo del control fronterizo es insuficiente para frenar los flujos migratorios, si no se complementa con políticas comunes en los países europeos de destino y con mayores inversiones en los países de origen, que den a sus ciudadanos la oportunidad de tener un nivel de vida más alto y superar la tentación de emigrar, como primera opción2019text (article)application/pdfhttps://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaiart?codigo=7180115(Revista) ISSN 2341-0868Peace & Security - Paix et Sécurité Internationales (Euromediterranean Journal of International Law and International Relations), ISSN 2341-0868, Nº. 7, 2019, pags. 201-230engLICENCIA DE USO: Los documentos a texto completo incluidos en Dialnet son de acceso libre y propiedad de sus autores y/o editores. Por tanto, cualquier acto de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública y/o transformación total o parcial requiere el consentimiento expreso y escrito de aquéllos. 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